Railway Engineering

Lectures in Railway Engineering

IRON

Geologists confirm that the iron is about 35% of the composition of Earth, as it preserves the balance of earth and iron because the iron minerals more stable and intensity as the density of up to 7874 km 3. And maintains the iron on the Earth's gravity because it is characterized by the highest degree of magnetism, and needs to be a single atom of iron to the enormous energy exceeds the total solar energy. Also due to iron out remnants of comets and meteorites, which weighs tens of thousands of tons have been discovered, some in Australia and America. Did not reach the flag of the benefits of iron in the early sixties, where scientists found that the origin of iron is not the earth, but from outer space and that remnants of asteroids and meteors that fall on the planet, as the atmosphere prevents some of them to ashes when it enters the scope of the land and the rest Down on the planet different shapes and sizes. The scientists revealed recently that the iron can not be formed within the solar system, where the sun is a star with energy and heat is not sufficient for the integration of elemental iron, which is why the scientists say that the iron has been incorporated outside our solar system, and then came down to Earth by comets and meteorites . Currently Astronomers believe that comets and meteorites is a cosmic projectiles from atoms of different sizes and is made up of iron and other metal for that iron is the first metal known on earth as it falls from the sky, are pure in the form of meteorites. - Explained, "Arthur Beers" The meteorite was Nksimha to 3 types: 1 - iron meteorites: It consists of iron and nickel increased by more than 98%. 2 - stone and iron meteorites: Consisting of approximately 50% of iron and nickel and the other 50% is composed of rock, called (Polyolefin). 3 - stone meteorites: which include stones, and stones are divided into several types. And falls in each year thousands of asteroids and comets on the planet, some of which may sometimes weighs tens of tons. In 1902, a meteorite found in the United States amounted to (62 tons) is composed of iron and nickel alloys. In the mandate of the "Arizona" has the latest Shahab huge crater depth (600 feet) in diameter (4000 feet) has reached amounts of iron extracted from the fragments mixed with nickel tens of tons. In spite of these advantages that characterize the iron from other metals, but scientists have not come to the industrial importance of iron only during the 18 th century ie after the descent of the Holy Quran in 12 century, where scientists discovered the iron industry, and discovered the easiest means to remove iron and entered the iron in all industrial areas as its core, it uses the most appropriate metal for the arms industry and the basis for all heavy and light industries as well. It must be borne in mind that iron is an essential for all living organisms, and plants. At the end of our conversation on the iron must point to agree numerical wondrous said Dr. Zaghloul El-Naggar, where shall call him a professors Chemistry in Australia that the number Surat iron agrees atomic number of the metal iron is (56), while the approved number of the verse iron atomic number of the metal iron is (26 ), Glory be informed of Muhammad peace be upon him all these scientific facts. It seems that the iron metal is of great importance as the God Almighty to make a chapter in the Quran as iron that Almighty Lord of the Worlds creator says in the book universes Aziz. Almighty God said: {We sent Our Messengers with Clear Signs and sent down with them the Scripture and the Balance of the people with justice, and We sent down iron in which very significant benefits to the people and God knows of victory and His messengers, unseen, Allah is Strong, Almighty} [iron: 25] Says commentators in this verse is that the iron has been revealed from heaven did not exist on Earth before and are backed up in saying this hadeeth narrated from Umar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) the Prophet (peace be upon him) that he said (Allah has sent down four blessings from the sky: the iron and fire, water, salt). But deep bass Mamni What are the benefits referred to in the words of the Quran Allah, the Exalted} it quite severe and the benefits to the people} Chemists have found that iron is more stable minerals is not known so far into the metal iron has a stability and strength and intensity of intolerable pressure.

Lecture - 2 Geologic Structures

Lecture - 1 Introduction to Engineering Geology

Introduction Video of Civil Engineering

Gravity Dams

 

Gravity Dams

 
Featuring Static equilibrium situation of dams under the influence of the weight of the constituents of the structure of the dam, using normal concrete in the construction of the dam's base, which is not necessary that the crumpled concrete with high quality, where this rule is resistant to crushing, preferably engineered to arise

This rule over the layers of rock.

Rocks used in Road

Igneous Rocks

  

 granite, basalt, gabbro and the most important species used in the best way to carry big weights.

Metamorphic Rock 

marble, gneiss and schist column is not suitable as material for road construction because it is weak in bearing pressure means the break.

Sedimentary rocks 

limestone, sandstone and clay stone used limestone and dolomite in the construction of roads to withstand the pressure.

 

Importance of EngineeringFaults and Joints and Folds

The selection of sites affected by the various engineering structures are very large presence of faults and folds, as they affect the safety of facilities, and pose a significant risk it.

The presence of faults or breaks, reduces the resistance of the rocks of the jurisprudence, and introduced the facilities provided by them to collapse.

The folds also a problem, since the existence of structures concave folds it with a great ability to collect ground water, causing water problems at large Construction of buildings or tunnels located in areas where this kind of folds So we justify the importance of geological studies and their role in avoiding collapse of structures and buildings in the regions illustrated by the geological maps based on these studies, as well as to avoid the high costs that may be borne by the concerned authorities In the event that set up these projects on the areas of joints and faults and folds, as well as the lives that may lose by default in the implementation of geological studies.

Types of Gypsum

Gypsum Raw 

 

used immediately after extraction from the rocks of the earth's crust without any industrial processes is also used in the manufacture of portland cement.

 Agricultural gypsum 

Gypsum ore used in the reclamation of agricultural land.

Industrial gypsum 

Industrial gypsum is extracted from raw gypsum rock is then  is Cracking then burned in ovens and  Enthroned.

Industrial Gypsum is divided into three types 

1-Gypsum Municipal

Gypsum Municipal is used in the white , lining and epithelium.

2-Gypsum plaster

Characterized by great white, turquoise, bright layer used Dharp  Bishop Walls.

3-Gypsum composition

Easy configuration used in the manufacture of statues and decorative.

Marble and ornamental stones

Used marble and ornamental stones in the work of coatings for buildings from the outside and the inside and the floors of the buildings and facilities important in the role of the gateway.

 
Marble is extracted from marine metamorphic rocks.

 
Ornamental stones extracted from igneous or sedimentary or metamorphic.

Marble and ornamental stones. 

Egyptian Alabaster 

marble hardness less to light yellow color and has white veins.

Marble 

It has different colors according to the Powerline MU fossils in it. 

  Marble Diabetes 

stones for decoration with crystals form around the form of 

granulated sugar. 

Serpentine 

Marble Green, a rock which contains a metal key two 

daughters. 

Granite 

Used in construction and in the ornamental purposes of the colors red, black and gray.  

Concrete Materials

Sand and gravel

Sand and gravel concrete and cheaper components extracted from the sediment of the river or beach deposits
The advantage of river sediment to increase the content of silicon dioxide.

Rocks

 

Granite : Rock solid foundation. Excellent in the concrete Industry.

Basalt : Rock solid foundation. Excellent in the concrete Industry.

 

Sandstone : Used if a solid high density.

Limestone : used if a solid with a high density free from Irksome.

Cement

Cement Portland cement or rapid hardening caused burning limestone and clay, then add the plaster after the burning process.  

Types of Concrete

Heavy Concrete

Consists of sand and gravel and rock cuttings from granite or basalt and mix nastily oven.

light Weight Concrete 

Consists of sand and gravel and rock cuttings from the pumice stone and mix nastily blast furnaces.

Nuclear Reactor Concrete

Consists of sand and gravel and pieces of granite or basalt rock. and metal mixed hematite. 

 

The Most Important Rock Types

Igneous Rocks:

 
Such as granite and basalt.
It formed as a result of freezing Liquid volcanic , where volcanic freeze 95% of them because of volcanoes and  5% as a result of melting of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

Metamorphic Rocks:

Such as ore and gneiss and schist.

Metamorphic rocks formed in the rocks of the earth at great depths under the influence of pressure and temperature, which led to the occurrence of chemical reactions led to the change in the chemical composition of minerals within the rock.

Sedimentary Rocks:

Such as limestone and sandstone. 

deposition of mud and stone material dissolved or fragmented remnants of rocks subjected to mechanical and chemical factors.
Sedimentary rocks represent about 75% of the rocks of the earth's crust
Are located at depths close to the Earth's surface.

 

Introduction to Rock Mechanics

Rock mechanics is a key note in the field of modern engineering. Due to dealing with the behavior of rock under the influence of different pressures and different loads and stresses. According to their structures over millions of years of geological and  Variables of the surrounding elements of nature and chemical changes over the years. Whether by nature or the surrounding environment or by human intervention. The critical area in this science is the need for engineer background information when you start to design important projects such as: dams, reservoirs, tunnels and bunkers and military bases and corridors of the mines for the operations of astrology.

Ways to protect Beaches

1- Sea Walls:

A facility similar in mass retaining walls
The aim of these reinforced concrete blocks to protect the areas left over from the beach and facilities subject to the act of waves and violent currents of water
The disadvantage of this type of protection cost prohibitive.

2-Wave Breakers:

Stones is a large high rock resistance to erosion and corrosion system is stacked above the beach and over the low hills at the beach for protection .
These stones and rock must be of such magnitude that they can not waves or currents of water Mint violent movement or displacement when wave hit it.

3-Bulkheads:

Are also the same function as seawalls. Facilities, but the advantage of relatively lightweight. Where it is a sheet of steel, sometimes of wood Tonic resistant to sea water.

4-Artificial Fills:

Some are converted to the coast to the shores of a small scale industry. And that covered with layers of sand and gravel. Which can protect the work of the sidewalks in front to protect it from transportation and movement by waves. 

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Methods of Increasing Slope Stability

1. Changing Geometry.
2. Earth Fill at the Toe.
3. Retaining Structures.
4. Sand Drilled Piles.
5. Anchors.
6. Soil Reinforcement.
7. Rip rap.

Types of landslides

1. Rotational slide

Rotational slip occurs in the heterogeneous clay soil where the collapse of the surface is generated in the form of a curved deep
2. Slide transition

Slide transition occurs as a result of the heterogeneity of the soil where there are weak layer at a depth of nearby layer followed by a strong and usually collapse flat surface and parallel to the surface of the earth.
3. Sliding rotational transition

This type of landslides that combines two types of ex.

Category Tunnels

1. Two transport water through a pipe.

 
2. Drainage tunnels under the ground.

 
3. Rail Tunnels.

 
4. Two passing cars and different vehicles under the ground.

 
5. Two passing cars and different vehicles under water.

 
6. Two pedestrians.

 
7. Two mines for the transfer of raw material extracted from the tunnel and ventilation.

 
8. Two transportation and electricity generation in front of dams and reservoirs.

Factors causing stress experienced by crustal rocks

1. Centrifugal force as a result of rotation of the globe.

 
2. The force of gravity.

 
3. The power of the tides.

 
4. Earthquakes.

 
5. Violent earth movements.

 
6. Erosion and corrosion.

 
7. Chemical changes, natural and environmental.